Earth and Stone

Damp earth compacted in shuttered lifts makes a wall that is cheap, thick, and warm in a place where fuel is scarce.

Walls that lean inward as they rise are more stable and shed weather better, and the batter is the single most recognisable thing about the architecture.

Flat roofs work where it barely rains, and timber is rare enough that beams are reused across generations of building.

The fortified building on a spur is a building type, sited for command of a valley rather than for comfort.